Published: January 12, 2026 by: Rungrueng Hounraluek
Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in the 5G and 6G Era
The development of wireless communication networks in the 21st century is no longer limited to terrestrial infrastructure alone. The concept of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) has reshaped network design paradigmsfrom systems relying solely on base stations and fiber networks to integrated architectures that combine satellites, aerial platforms, and mobile networks into a unified ecosystem. NTN was formally introduced as part of the 5G standard starting from 3GPP Release 17 and is expected to play an even more fundamental role in the era of 6G.
This article explains the evolution of NTN, its role within 5G systems, future trends toward 6G, and the policy and industrial implications of non-terrestrial networks for global communication infrastructure.
Concept and Components of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)
Non-Terrestrial Networks refer to communication networks that utilize platforms beyond terrestrial infrastructure, including:
A key difference from legacy satellite systems is that NTN satellites are no longer isolated networks. Instead, they are integrated into standardized mobile network architectures, allowing user devices to connect via satellite without requiring specialized terminals.
The Role of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) in the 5G Era
In the 5G standard, NTN is designed to extend service coverage to areas where terrestrial networks are not economically viable, such as mountainous regions, islands, oceans, and border areas. NTN also plays a critical role in:
Integrating NTN into 5G enhances network resilience and significantly reduces the digital divide at the national level.
Evolution Toward NTN in the 6G Era
In the 6G era, NTN is expected to evolve from a complementary network into a core component of global network architecture, with the goal of creating a three-dimensional network spanning ground, air, and space. This integration will support advanced digital services such as:
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for network management will enable NTN in the 6G era to become self-optimizing networks, improving stability while reducing long-term operational costs.
Policy and Industry Implications
From a public policy perspective, NTN is viewed as a critical tool for reducing the digital divide and strengthening national communication resilience. For industry players, NTN creates new business opportunities in maritime connectivity, aviation, and cross-border digital services. From a technological standpoint, NTN lays the foundation for communication systems that are no longer dependent solely on terrestrial infrastructure, enabling a more resilient and sustainable digital ecosystem.
Conclusion
Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) represent a major evolution in modern communication systems, transforming two-dimensional, ground-based networks into three-dimensional global networks. In the 5G era, NTN expands coverage and enhances network resilience, while in the 6G era it will become a core element of global network architecture. Understanding the role and direction of NTN is therefore essential for policymakers, system architects, and organizational leaders preparing for the future of digital communications.
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